Armed Forces Tribunal & High Court

The Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) is a specialized judicial body established under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007, for adjudication of disputes and complaints related to commission, appointments, enrolment, conditions of service, and disciplinary matters of personnel in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It provides a speedy and cost-effective mechanism for serving and retired armed forces personnel (excluding civilians) to seek justice, including issues related to pension, promotions, and wrongful termination. The AFT has the powers of a civil court and is independent of military authorities.

In contrast, High Courts are constitutional courts established under Article 214 of the Indian Constitution. They have wider jurisdiction and handle a variety of civil, criminal, and constitutional matters, including writ petitions filed under Articles 226 and 227. Armed forces personnel may approach High Courts in matters where the AFT has no jurisdiction or for enforcement of fundamental rights.

While the AFT is the first line of judicial redress for service matters, decisions of the AFT can be challenged in the High Court only on limited grounds like lack of jurisdiction or violation of natural justice. Together, these institutions ensure justice and accountability within the framework of military law and the Indian Constitution.